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APPLICATIONS

Tissue engineering can help benefit people (and animals) in many ways. From growing heart tissue on spinach leaves to saving the environment, all of these applications ultimately have one goal: to improve the lives of others.    

Growing In Vitro Meat

One way that scientists are using tissue engineering is to grow meat inside of the lab. The goal is to produce meat, but without killing any animals. Though it may sound ridiculous, using lab-grown meat could have many potential advantages over traditional meat.     

(A.1, A.2)

How Does This Technology Work?

These are the steps to grow in vitro meat:

 

  1. First, scientists extract cells from animals. This is done painlessly through a process called a biopsy. Scientists often use cells that can divide quickly and produce different cell types, such as myoblast cells.

  2. Scientists also use fetal bovine serum (FBS). This is taken from a calf's fetus by draining the blood from it. 

  3. Next, the cells need a medium to grow in. The medium must be able to provide nutrients in order to feed the cells. 

  4. Then, a scaffold is needed. The scaffold can be made out of a variety of materials, such as alginate, chitosan, or collagen. 

  5. Finally, all the materials (cells, medium, and a scaffold) need a bioreactor to sit in. The bioreactor helps the tissue grow by changing the temperature, adjusting the cells so they "act" like muscle cells, and producing fat cells for the taste.  

(A.2, A.3)

Diagram explaining the process of creating in vitro meat in order to make a hamburger  

What are the Benefits of Lab-Grown Meat?

The main reason that lab-grown meat is better than traditional meat is that it saves the environment. Traditional meat damages the environment and drains much-needed resources in many ways, such as:

 

  1. Wasting Resources: In order to keep livestock alive, a farmer needs land, food, and water. Animals such as pigs and cows need a lot of these resources to survive. However, these resources could have been used to feed starving people. The land could have also been used to create homes for people who are too poor to afford one. "More than 2/3 of agricultural land worldwide is dedicated to feeding livestock. In contrast, only eight percent of agricultural land produces food exclusively for humans." By creating lab-grown meat, we could be using these resources to their full potential, and assist people who desperately need help.

  2. Fossil Fuels: Cows release greenhouse gases (such as methane) through a process called enteric fermentation. However, methane is incredibly dangerous for many reasons:

    • Cows emit the equivalent of 2.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year.

    • "Current and former World Bank environmental specialists conducted their own study and argue that livestock actually accounts for 51 percent of the world’s anthropogenic greenhouse gasses."  

    • Methane traps heat 86 times more than carbon dioxide. It also has a huge impact on global warming.

  3. Health Concerns: Livestock can endanger the public in many ways. Here are a few:

    • Pollution: Materials like fertilizer and animal manure can contaminate water when it is taken to rivers by runoff. Because of this, the water has fecal bacteria from the cows.

    • Consumption of Meat: By eating meat, we are exposing ourselves to many health risks. Some of them include cardiovascular disease, cancer, and pathogens such as E. Coli.

    • Global Warming: "Some anticipate meat demand to double by 2020." Scientists say that if we don't control our consumption of meat, the global warming situation could worsen.    

 

Using Fish Skin to Heal Bears

In California, the Thomas Fire that occurred in December 2017 devastated and injured many people and animals. Two of those animals were bears that suffered horrible burns on their paws. To help them, scientists stitched tilapia fish skin onto their paws and wrapped them with rice paper and corn husks bandages (so if the bears bit at them, they wouldn't have stomach problems.). This proved to be successful and the bears were eventually released into the wild.     

The Science Behind Using Fish Skin 

Though it may sound ridiculous, there is actually science behind this treatment. Scientists in Brazil began experimenting with using tilapia fish skin to treat burns since they were only using creams, which took a long time to apply. They found many interesting things, such as:

 

  • Tilapia fish skin contains large amounts of collagen proteins, particularly Types 1 and 3. These two proteins are very important when it comes to healing scarring. 

  • "Collagen Types 1 and 3 is... vital for the repair and maintenance of connective tissues."

  • Tilapia skin needs to be sterilized.

  • The skin should stay on the burn until the patient's skin begins to change. 

  • "Tilapia skin also appears to relieve some of the pain."

  • Tilapia skin can be used for up to 2 years.  

(A.6, A.7)

Creating Heart Tissue Using Spinach Leaves

At Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), scientists have created a network of blood vessels using spinach leaves as a scaffold. This accomplishment is a huge milestone in tissue engineering, as it offers a way to grow blood vessels. This is important because blood vessels are hard to grow due to the intricateness of the network.     

How Does This Technology Work?

Why is This Technology Important?

This technology carries many possibilities with it, such as:

 

  • Advancing the Treatment: If studies continue to go well, scientists are considering exploring the option of using multiple spinach leaves to grow heart tissue. Each of the leaves could have different purposes, such as "arterial support" and act as "venous return of blood and fluids from human tissue."

  • Developing New Therapies: According to Dr. Glenn Gaudette, Ph.D., who is the co-author of this study, this technology could be used to develop new therapies to treat problems such as heart attacks.

  • More Plants: Scientists are considered using more plant types. The process would be the same, but a variety of plant types could open the door for growing different types of tissue.            

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